Cost Optimization Approach for MANET using Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper present the approach require to increase the QoS of MANET network using particle swarm optimization algorithm. To improve data communication between two nodes we propose an efficient algorithm for AODV protocol using PSO where instead of suppling all default parameter with default value of AODV protocol we try to provide selective parameters with optimum value so that overall requirement of control packet get decrease that in turn result in to increase quality of service parameters of MANET. For the enhancement of reliability and reduction of cost, node speed control mechanism is implemented using PSO, The given method which is use for simulation, reduces the overall loss of data and also make transmission effective. We have also tested the performance of network by changing data rates and the speed of the node

Bacteriology of Surgical Site Infections and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Isolates of Postoperative Wound Infections

Background: We aimed to evaluate the isolates of postsurgical infections, and study their sensitivity; so that strategies could be made by using proper antibiotic treatments.Methods: Study isolates were obtained by swabs/pus from the subjects reported for surgical site infections (SSIs) at surgery department of a governmental tertiary care hospital, Nagpur, India, and were further transferred to the pathology department during the period from June 2009 to November 2011. About 250 cases of surgical site infection were evaluated with isolates form different surgical sites which were surmised to be infected based on clinical evaluation. The isolates were subjected to standard procedures, and antibiotic susceptibility test opting modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique.Results: Twelve types of organisms were isolated; most common was Klebsiella species (23.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.00%), followed by Escherichia coli (15.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.4%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (11.0%), etc. Results suggested 50% of the isolates having Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to methicillin. More than 60% of isolates having Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to gentamicin. The number of isolate showing resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins and the quinolone antibiotics was high.Conclusions: Surgical site infections crowded with multi-resistant organisms, not only increase the economic burden in the form of antibiotics, but also pose a serious threat to patients undergoing surgery. To avoid such infections, there is an urgent need to follow aseptic and sterilization techniques, also rationale use of antibiotics has to be done

Nervous translation, do you get the message? A review of mRNPs, mRNA-protein interactions and translational control within cells of the nervous system

In neurons, translation of a message RNA can occur metres away from its transcriptional origin and in normal cells this is orchestrated with perfection. The life of an mRNA will see it pass through multiple steps of processing in the nucleus and the cytoplasm before it reaches its final destination. Processing of mRNA is determined by a myriad of RNA-binding proteins in multi-protein complexes called messenger ribonucleoproteins; however, incorrect processing and delivery of mRNA can cause several human neurological disorders. This review takes us through the life of mRNA from the nucleus to its point of translation in the cytoplasm. The review looks at the various cis and trans factors that act on the mRNA and discusses their roles in different cells of the nervous system and human disorders

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